History Of Filipino Immigration History Essay

History Of Filipino Immigration History Essay The creation of an American starts at where he himself dismisses every other tie, some other history, and himself receives the vesture of his embraced land. Baldwin 29. It is a marvel why Filipinos needed to leave their own nation and live in somewhere else like the United States of America. Perhaps on the grounds that a more promising time to come is found in another spot, similar to another universe of expectation that can't be found in the local place where there is the Philippines. Filipinos attempted to leave their nation without the confirmation of anything. Ones self is the one in particular who could make his/her own predetermination. Filipinos have been pursuing the American dream since the mid 1900s. As circumstances were given, Filipinos didnt dither to leave their own nation so as to locate a more promising time to come from one of the universes super powers, which was the United States. Filipinos were acceptable in embracing their new condition just to seek after the Ame rican Dream. Social character involves turning out to be just as of being. It has a place with the future as much regarding the past. It isn't something which as of now exists, rising above spot, time, history and culture. Social characters originate from some place, have narratives. However, such as everything which is recorded, they experience steady change. (Corridor). Adjusting between two distinct societies is extremely testing and this paper concentrated on this issue the most. Que 2 The primary enormous scope movement of Asians into the U.S didnt occur until 1848, when gold was found in America. The Chinese moniker for California was known as the Gold Mountain. The Gold Rush was one of the force factors that drove numerous Chinese to go to the U.S. to discover their fortune and get back rich and well off (Le). This occasion set off the American visionary and the sights of a greener field. Pretty much every Asian accepted that the second they had stepped on the grounds of the United States of America, life would be better and more extravagant. Be that as it may, not all were conceded with the American dream in light of the fact that not all were given respectable occupations. Filipinos were really the main Asians to cross the Pacific Ocean as right on time as 1587, fifty years before the primary English settlement of Jamestown was built up. This was likewise during the Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade. Filipinos had to fill in as mariners and pilots on board Spanish Galleons. In the end, Filipino mariners were the first to settle in the US around 1763. They made their first lasting settlement in the marchs and swamps of Manila Village, in what might later be Louisiana. They assembled houses on braces along the bay ports of New Orleans and were the first in the United States to present the sun-drying procedure of shrimp (Filipino American History). This was the principal wave of Filipinos that went to the United States. Since their movement to the United States, Filipinos have consistently assumed a vital job in adding to Americas economy. From 1763 to 1906 other Filipino gatherings, for example, sailors, globe-trotters and domestics followed and in the end d eveloped in numbers. With the progression of time some of them relocated toward the West Coast, Hawaii, and Alaska to extend their chances in the angling and whaling ventures (Immigration History). In 1903, the Pensionado Act permitted Filipino understudies to concentrate in the United States as an approach to upgrade and further their instruction and have more information in various regions. While Que 3 this has all the earmarks of being a respectable demonstration by the Americans, it was really not their actual aims. Rather than permitting understudies to relocate as an approach to propel their training and illuminate their psyches, the Americans had other ulterior thought processes. These researchers known as pensionados were sent off so as to help keep up pilgrim rule. Numerous pensionados were given the grant program since it was planned to teach these youngsters in America with degrees in government and organization so they could get familiar with the United States administrative framework. Along these lines they could come back to the Philippines and show the legislature vote based practices and direct their own administration likewise like the administration in the United States. All the more significantly, they were guaranteed positions in different government segments especially in farming, business and instruction. Nonetheless, this end up being risky since the general ma ke-up, history and socioeconomics of the Philippines doesn't resemble that of the United States. The legislative framework that works for America may not work for the Philippines. In any case, by 1912 there were more than 200 Filipino understudies who had moved on from American university organizations. Subsequent to accomplishing their degrees the greater part of them returned to the Philippines, however some stayed in the US and mixed in with the later Filipino workers known as Pinoys (Magat). This demonstration was intently attached with what occurred during when the United States vanquished the Philippines. It began when the Battle of Manila Bay happened. The Secretary of the Navy of the United States of America requested George Dewey to send his armada to Manila Bay to battle with the Spanish fighters in light of the fact that during that time, the Philippines was under the Spanish Rule. They had a phony fight, likewise called the counterfeit fight, in light of the fact that th e Spanish administration realized that they couldn't win the war. Emilio Aguinaldo, a Filipino general and freedom pioneer, came back to the Philippines from his visit to Hong Kong to help the American soldiers. He trusted the Que 4 Americans that they would assist them with getting their autonomy once more from the Spanish Rule. At the point when the U.S. armada succeeded, they went to the legislative hall and supplanted the Spanish banner with the American banner. They additionally didnt permit Emilio Aguinaldo to enter the city of Manila. That is the point at which he imagined that something wasn't right, and the Americans couldnt be trusted. The Americans tricked Emilio Aguinaldo, which prompted the Philippine-American War. Pietism assumed its job in these two occasions. The Americans had their ulterior thought processes and plans before accomplishing something like helping the individuals gain their autonomy or have the pensionados get their instruction. Beside pensionados, workers likewise relocated to California under the agreement framework where they consented to function as ranchers. A large portion of the Pinoys filled in as ranchers in California in the San Joaquin Valley, Salinas, and Sacramento. Some became assembly line laborers in the Alaskan angling and cannery businesses, while others took low-paying caretaker, table attendant, and household administration employments. This second rush of movement in the end prompted an abundance work gracefully. The subsequent wave started from 1906 with an overwhelming fixation going into California and Hawaii. At the point when the Hawaiian Sugar Planters Association (HPSA) required increasingly agrarian work laborers, they sent spotters to the Philippines to set up enlistment focuses in Vigan, Illocos Sur and Cebu. There they recruited sugar stick estate laborers known as Sakadas, who obviously worked for modest work. In 1906, fifteen Sakadas were sent to Hawaii (Garcia). From the st art, the transients who for the most part communicated in Tagalog were reluctant to go, out of dread and because of the long travel which they saw to be perilous. Upon their organization and after their settlement, be that as it may, they urged different Filipinos to follow their strides and revealed to them that their relocation had been effective. Through their work, many had the option to set aside cash to send back home as an approach to help their family members and help improve their day to day environments. The second influx of Filipino Que 5 settlers that ventured into Hawaii clarifies the high Filipino-American populace that despite everything exists there today. The US colonization of the Philippines from 1900 up to 1934 tremendously affected Philippine migration. Filipinos went to the procedure of mass movement. As Filipinos became US nationals and were allowed the chance to live legitimately in the US under the insurance of its law and constitution. Interest for work on Hawaiian manors and California farmlands pulled in a great many Filipino settlers known as Sakadas who came generally from the areas of Ilocos and Cebu to supplant the Japanese work power who expected to leave the Hawaiian ranches. In spite of the fact that the Sakadas came to Hawaii as American Nationals, they were not given full rights as American residents and were the main Filipino Americans to encounter racial segregation and social abuse. The Pinoys had the most broad involvement in racial separation coming about because of changes in movement arrangements, hostile to miscegenation laws and abusive homestead the board rehearses. Numerous vagrant families lived in need iness and youngsters had to get instructed, communicate in English just, and standard rapidly. About the counter miscegenation laws, some Filipino more established grown-ups and family parental figures may have been a piece of this gathering. In 1934 the US Federal law known as the Tydings-McDuffie Act was passed to restrict Filipino movement. (Migration History). The Tydings-McDuffie Act is otherwise called the Philippine Commonwealth and Independence Act. It was ordered on March 24, 1934. The law was upheld by Maryland Senator Millard E. Tydings and Alabama Representative John McDuffie, consequently the name of the Act. This bureaucratic law gave self-government and autonomy to the Philippines. U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt marked it and it was sent to the Philippine Senate for endorsement. Despite the fact that the Tydings-McDuffie Act was ordered in 1934, the Que 6 law expresses that Filipino freedom will just produce results on July 4, 1946 after a transitional time of ten years. The Act gave the draft and rules to a Constitution which framed the establishment of the legislature in the Philippines before conceding their freedom. The Filipinos chose their own agents for a required established show on July 10, and Roosevelt endorsed the Philippine constitution on March 23, 1935. The Commonwealth government was

Financial Analysis of I.T Ltd.

Organization foundation I. T Limited (0999. HK) is a venture holding organization situated in Hong Kong. It was recorded on the principle leading body of The Hong Kong Stock Exchange on 4-March-2005. The organization offers a wide scope of clothing items. It sells its items just as offers an assortment of national and worldwide brands through its system of retail locations. As of February 28, 2011, it worked 392 stores in Hong Kong and Mainland China. Target To attempt a thorough investigation on the money related execution of I. T. Constrained. Point by point money related proportion examination will be performed.An estimation of the firm’s cost of value capital and weighted normal expense of capital will likewise be given. Skyline of examination We will concentrate on its presentation in the most recent 5 monetary years. A) Detail monetary examination The money related investigation will be directed in two different ways. In the first place, the significant records on fiscal reports will be reviewed so as to determine a general picture on the constitution of the business. Second, PERL (Performance, Efficiency, Risk, Liquidity) structure will be utilized to additionally dissect the monetary exhibition of the organization. I.Going through the budget reports We can get a brief look at the wellbeing of the business by investigating the pattern of bookkeeping things in salary articulation, monetary record and income explanation separately. Combined salary proclamation (Referring to reference section A †table 1 and 2) 2008/09 was an extraordinary year, money related tidal wave occurred. In this manner there was a colossal gainfulness sway in that year, bringing about a huge decline in working benefit. Also, since the market recouped in 2009/2010, the gainfulness unexpectedly expanded a great deal in that financial year. Other than these wo extraordinary years, the general development pattern in deals turnover, expenses, and benefit is sound. (Alluding t o addendum A †table 3) Standardizing the pay explanation can extricate additional data. All the records are communicated as a level of turnover. The organization has worked superbly in cost controlling, since the expense of deals as a level of turnover is in a diminishing pattern, consequently the gross overall revenue is in an expanding pattern. Then again working costs changes at around 50-51% of turnover, yet since cost of deals has a more prominent decline, the net impact is working benefit is in an expanding trend.Consolidated monetary record (Referring to supplement A †table 4) by and large, all out resources experience an expanding pattern. This is sensible since the business is at a developing stage. One remarkable point is the development of non-current resources look more prominent than current resources, particularly property, furniture and hardware has a noteworthy increment in 2010/11, this is most likely because of the fast extension of retails stores in Hong Kong and China. Also, accordingly, there is a critical increment in inventories in 2010/11 as well. (Alluding to reference section A †table 5)Similar ends can be drawn by survey similar records in a normalized accounting report (all things are normalized by all out resource esteem in the financial year). Property, furniture and hardware, and inventories make up the vast majority of the absolute resources. (Alluding to informative supplement A †table 6) Liabilities likewise grow a great deal with all out resources as the business extends. Eminently there is a critical increment in both present moment and long haul bank borrowings. What's more the payable records additionally expanded over 100%, implying that the organization purchased stocks or administrations from providers using a loan more than before.This development of liabilities is fine as long as the organization can produce reliable working incomes, as we will find in the following segment. (Alluding to informativ e supplement A †table 7) Similar ends can be drawn at normalized asset report, bank borrowings and payables expanded altogether, particularly for longer term bank borrowings. (Alluding to informative supplement A †table 8) The development of the business was basically subsidized by developing liabilities, as should be obvious that the development of value isn't so noteworthy, the organization has not given new offers to get financing. The organization has basically held a portion of the benefit in every year into reserves.Consolidated income explanation (Referring to informative supplement A †table 9) The organization has improved its income age as its business developed. The gainfulness of the organization expanded, thus as the money created from activity. What's more, since the organization has expanded in size, it has expanded its capacity to back from banks, subsequently it likewise expanded its money created from financing exercises. In spite of the fact that the organization has expanded interest in fixed resources and thus the money outpouring from venture, this is balanced by the expansion in income from activity and financing.II. PERL (Performance, Efficiency, Risk, Liquidity) examination (Referring to reference section B and C) 1) Performance Profit edges (Gross, working, net) Gross net revenue continues expanding. The most recent figure is 63. 35%, which is an exceptionally high edge. This is likely because of the expanded brand picture of the organization, consequently the organization can build the selling cost of the items. Additionally, the organization moved the emphasis on selling results of its own brands more than imported brands, this likewise expanded the gross benefit margin.Both working and net overall revenue are likewise in an expanding pattern (regardless of year 2008/09, an extraordinary year which monetary emergency occurred). In any case, it is important that the present edges are 12. 08% and 10. 12% individually, wh ich show an incredible distinction from net revenue. This show the working costs are high, gobbling up over half of overall revenue. The organization should think approaches to additionally diminish working expenses. Profit for Equity (ROE) The organization has expanded its ROE along the years notwithstanding the unique year 2008/09. The most recent ROE is really an exceptional yield, 21. 6%. So what are the fundamental drivers of such exceptional yield? By using DuPont examination, the explanation behind return development can be discovered: ROE = Net Profit Margin x Asset Turnover x Financial Leverage The net overall revenue is expanding consistently. Simultaneously, since the financing capacity of the organization has expanded, the monetary influence likewise expanded. These two components drove the ROE up, counterbalancing the decreasing impact on ROE by resource turnover. The advantage turnover really diminished in last two financial years, demonstrating the productivity of goi ng resource for income decreased.It is a piece stress to see the proportion diminished from 1. 6 to 1. 17 in these 2 years. It might demonstrate that the advantage size of the firm is excessively enormous, further extension may not get further increment income. This might be a pointer of the firm has passed its ideal point and the board must take additional consideration in assessing whether the organization ought to put resources into growing all the more retail locations or not. Broadened DuPont investigation stalls net overall revenue into taxation rate, premium weight, and EBIT edge. Taxation rate of the organization is really expanding, I. e. it needs to pay progressively compelling expense henceforth affecting the net benefit margin.But it’s still fine as the successful duty rate is still at about 20%, which ought to be very low when contrasted with powerful assessment rate outside Hong Kong and China. Intrigue trouble likewise encounters an expanding pattern. This is s ensible since the organization has expanded financing capacity and financed through more bank advances. EBIT edge is expanding, balancing the negative impact of taxation rate and intrigue trouble. 2) Efficiency Fixed resource Fixed resource turnover is in a diminishing pattern (from 16. 08 to 7. 98 in most recent five years). This shows the effectiveness of producing deals income from fixed resources speculation is lowering.This affirms with the diminishing resource turnover proportion referenced previously. Anyway the proportion is still at a significant level, the administration should even now put resources into fixed resource and grow the business, yet additional consideration ought to be taken to decide the sum and scale to be contributed. Stock Inventory turnover is diminishing (from 3. 72 to 2. 48 in most recent five years). This shows all in all, the speed of stocks selling has eased back down as the business extends. At the point when this proportion is changed over to long stretches of stock close by, the importance can even be more clear. The days expanded from around 98 days to 147 days in these 5 years.Overstocking, bringing in or creating items which are not famous, or lacking advertising endeavors are altogether potential motivations to this diminishing effectiveness. Receivables turnover is diminishing. To get a more clear importance, the proportion is changed over to long stretches of deals remarkable, and this proportion is expanding (from 1. 97 to 11. 49). This proportion implies on normal how long the company’s clients who purchase using a loan will cover their tabs. This expanding proportion implies that it requires some investment to gather the bill from clients, implying that capital must be tied up for longer period.However the number really isn't enormous, it’s around 12 days and thusly an adequate worth. Payables turnover diminished from 11. 14 to 5. 51. The proportion can be changed over to number of long stretches of p ayable. This proportion expanded from 32. 76 to 66. 23. This proportion is the normal measure of time it takes to cover its tabs. The time has expanded altogether. It demonstrated the benefit of the development of the organization, I. e. at the point when the organization went recorded and extended, the capacity to pay using a credit card expanded. This expanded time to cover tabs builds the adaptability to oversee working capital and thus benefits the activity of the company.Working capital The adequacy of the organization in utilizing working capital has expanded since the working capital turnover expanded from 2. 72 to 4. 46 in most recent five years. This implies more deals income is created for every dollar of working capital which supported the deals. This is most likely because of expanded size of the organization, so the organization can get additionally subsidizing by sh

1030 Example

1030 Example 1030 â€" Assignment Example > IntroductionDigital disruption is referred to as changes in digital technologies occurring at a pace that causes disruption in the established value creation ways, social interactions, our thinking generally, and ways of doing business. It can also refer to the new digital technological changes which occur and new versions of business models which usually affect the value proposition of the various existing goods and services too. On the other hand, IT strategy is the main component that is established to create a very competitive advantage over all sorts of competition (Thomond and Lettice, 2002). The IT policy creates the difference between the success of a business and the failure of business. Any company which makes use of IT strategy runs its activities smoothly and therefore ends up being successful whereas any business that operates its operations without involving digital technologies may end up failing. Rapid increase in personal and work uses of mobile devices have led t o an increment of digital disruption potential across many industries (Schmidt and Cohen, 2010). These have also caused disruption of media and entertainment industries on changes concerning how customers access the content being communicated by advertisers. Digital disruption can be viewed as an opportunity for many business where the resulting innovation can be used to make the company products competitive in the market. It has been said to cause high inequality risks and dislocates labor and capital, as many organizations are becoming capital intensive. The essay is trying to explore the implications of the digital disruption on the information technology strategy (Hang, Chen and Subramian, 2010). This entails critical analysis of the literature that is relevant to the digital disruption and IT strategy. The possible challenges that are likely to be faced by businesses due to the digital disruption are explored and conclusion relating to the effects of digital disruption on IT strategy provided. Critical analysisDigital disruptions do occur in different levels that can include disruptions concerning individual life. For instance, mobile connectivity can be taken to disrupt work-life boundaries that are established. Second, the digital disruptions can be regarding the work practices that can involve narrating work using microblogging in organization leading to change in the valuable work that counts in the organization (Christensen and Overdorf, 2000). Third, digital disruptions to the practices of businesses where the change in technology van result in social media use in the workplace disrupting the way information is transfer in the company leading to changes in power relationships. The disruption can also take place in the structure of industry where the digitalization of processes can disrupt production process, delivery, and value chains. Lastly, disruptions can be to the social systems where the increased use of the social media can cause disruptio ns to the traditional practices. Digital disruptions can be associated with the efforts that are geared towards realizing efficiency in operations. The advancements in technology have been contributing a lot in the digital disruptions as organizations are using the technologies to enhance their performance and realize efficiency (Klenner, Hüsig and Dowling, 2013). Many organizations are working toward achieving competitive advantages in eth market by coming up with innovative strategies that can make their products competitive. As a result, the companies operating in competitive market are using technology leading to disruption in the way of operations. For instance, organizations that are working towards achieving cost advantages tend to use technology in achieving efficiency.

Prostitution As A Deviant And Illegal Practice - 2172 Words

Nie 1 Jiaxin Nie Jon Meeder ESL 408 13 April 2015 Legalized prostitution Prostitution was regarded as a deviant and illegal practice for years, women and men both involved in prostitution almost in every country. Prostitution is always considered as illegal. Not only the society recognize that prostitution is a shame but also the religion asserts that it has a bad name. But nowadays, prostitution can be considered in another way. People and researchers started to think about the human rights, the protection and liberalism these years. Once prostitution was regarded in a different way, the perspective in a long run has been slightly changed. Actually, in 1984, Australian already made a revolution in this big topic. The Australian State†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"I believe that sex is one of the most beautiful, natural, wholesome things that money can buy†( Steve Martin). As the quote says, why not try to accept legalizing prostitution and regard it as a normal job? Legalized prostitution is necessary in the 21 century. For the equality for the human beings, for the respect for individual rights, for the fairness of the society, people have the rights and freedom to use their own body if they are not hurting others. The prostitution inequality argument is challenged by those who argue that prostitution is primarily a matter of sex and of sexual liberation and of freedom (Scambler and Scambler). As the human being, people should have the rights to decide how to use own body. We commonly refer to basic liberties such as freedom of political speech and religious liberty as rights. In doing so, we convey the belief that these liberties have a special moral importance or a special status in our constitutional law. Obviously, sexual freedom is now regarded by many as a basic liberty. Buying and sell seal services included in sexual freedom to some extent. Since the organ can be donated to other people, the blood can be transported in different people’s body, the skin can be used to do plastic survey for beauty. The law can’t violate the rights in the basic liberty sense Nie 3 that People have the rights to use all parts of the body. The basic principles of the alliance are thatShow MoreRelatedProstitution And Deviance : Examination Of Theories Amongst Positivist And Constructionist Perspectives Within Society1604 Words   |  7 PagesProstitution and Deviance: Examination of Theories Amongst Positivist and Constructionist Perspectives Within Society Deviance is behavior, beliefs or characteristics that many people in a society find or would find offensive and which excite, upon discovery, disapproval, punishment, condemnation, or hostility (Goode, 2011 p. 3). Most scientists will agree that a person s most basic needs, physiologically, are breathing, food, water, sleep, and sex. 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Systems of prostitution can include any industry in which women and/or children’s- and occasionally men’s bodies are bought, sold, or traded for sexual use. Prostitution has been referred to as the â€Å"world’s oldest profession† because proof of prostitution can be found from up to four thousand years in the past. Prostitution has been neither totally accepted nor condemned. Sociological perspectives can beRead MoreSocial Theories and Prostitution2468 Words   |  10 PagesThere are many sociological theories that can be used to explain prostitution in modern society. Two such theories are functionalism and symbolic interaction. Many people feel that prostitution may be an immoral act however, from a functionalist perspective t here are social needs that are being filled through prostitution. Both social actors are gaining through the engagement of prostitution. 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The Architectural Structure Of Artificial Intelligence Essay

The architectural structure of Artificial intelligence is the notion to present how the mind functions at its level of abstraction. In effect, this leads to the concept of GOFAI to demonstrate how the mind takes in information, and outputs a response. However, GOFAI has become an unsatisfactory portrayal of human cognition, because it demonstrates itself to be nothing more than a system that manipulates symbols (Dreyfus, ppXXI). For GOFAI turns behaviours and knowledge into a formal script, but lacks the essential aspect of epistemology. For GOFAI doesn t create opinions, nor does it desire to justify its database of information. Rather, it abides by the rules that are written in its programming, in the presumption it’s data is true. For the epistemological notion of creating, obtaining, and justifying knowledge is a natural aspect of the cognition, and is an essential property of the human intellect. Moreover, the concept of Connectionism, demonstrates itself to be a better a rchetype of the mind, in explaining how the brain functions, and learns. For the theory of Connectionism isn’t limited to being a symbol manipulator, rather it simulates the functionality of the brain, by replicating its neural structure of how it processes information. Arguably, Connectionism is a better representation of the mind, because it doesn t limit the cognition as a symbol manipulator, in how it demonstrates the notion of learning and retention of knowledge by simulating the neural structureShow MoreRelatedThe Dangers Of Artificial Intelligence1701 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Whoever perceives that robots and artificial intelligence are merely here to serve humanity, think again. 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It built the basic structure of mobile communications and solved many fundamental problems, e.g. cellular architecture adopting, multiplexing frequency band, roaming across domain, non-interrupted communication in mobile circumstances, etc. Speech chat was the only service ofRead MoreTechnology and Its Impact on Society2160 Words   |  9 Pageseach invention is annexed with the need of betterment and transmogrification. Newer and newer advances are happening All of the biggest technological inventions created by man - the airplane, the automobile, the computer - says little about his intelligence, but speaks volumes about his laziness. Mark Kennedy by the day. Technological change is in large part responsible for many of the secular trends in such basic parameters of the human condition as the size of the world population, life expectancy

Parvovirus B19 A Different Kind of Pathogen Free Essays

Blood transfusions save lives. There is no other way to put it. There is no other way to stress its importance. We will write a custom essay sample on Parvovirus B19: A Different Kind of Pathogen or any similar topic only for you Order Now Without this service there would be no other way to save those who are victims of gunshot wounds, accidents that resulted in major blood loss, surgeries that require transfusion and many more medical procedures that require the availability of safe blood. As mentioned earlier blood banks have reached a level of sophistication that can assure safe blood processing, sterilisation, storage and finally transfusion. In information found in the 12th International Convocation on Immunology one can see that in the 20th century it is almost impossible to find infected blood such as those having HIV, Hepatitis B and C viruses in blood banks (C.J. van Oss, 1995). Yet, in the same convention, the delegates had to agree that there are still pathogens that could not be eliminated using conventional methods. And one of those pathogens is called Parvovirus B19, which is also known as human parvovirus. It is therefore important to test for the presence of Parvovirus B19 in donated blood. The importance of which will be seen later as introduction of the virus to at risk patients can be fatal. Parvovirus B19 According to Broliden, Tolfvenstam, Norbeck (2006) â€Å"B19 is thought to exclusively infect humans, and shows a pronounced tropism for erythroid precursors.† Moreover, they added that with regards to infection shows a seasonal variation in temperature climates, â€Å"†¦being more common during the winter and early spring [†¦] B19 is normally transmitted through the respiratory route, but can also be transmitted vertically from the mother to the foetus, through BM and organ tranplantations, and via transfused blood products† (Broliden, Tolfvenstam, Norbeck, 2006). A more technical description of the virus can be found in Murphy and Pamphilon’s work and the authors made the following remarks concerning the human parvovirus: The parvoviruses are one of the smallest DNA viruses that infect humans. They are very stable non-enveloped viruses that are resistant to many chemical and physical inactivation techniques. Parvovirus B19 is the only definite member of the genus erythrovirus – the virus replicates in erythroid progenitor cells (1995). In the world of Pediatrics, Katie Barnes highlights the following attributes of the virus: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Parvovirus B19 (human parvovirus) is the causative agent for erythema infectiosum or fifth disease so named because it was the fifth disease to be described with similar rashes like measles, rubella, scarlet fever and roscola. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚      It appears commonly as an erythermatous, macular, papular rash in a patient that otherwise is a febrile and well appearing. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Due to the ever-present nature of the virus, community outbreaks are common. Infection is possible throughout the year. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Infection can result in transient aplastic crisis (TAC) among children with hereditary haemolytic anaemia like sickle cell disease, spherocytosis and thalassaemia or marked immunosuppression. 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚   B19 infection among pregnant women has been linked to fetal infection and subsequent pregnancy loss and spontaneous abortion. 6.  Ã‚  Ã‚   B19 infection is widespread and occurs worldwide. School-aged children are most frequently affected and highest incidence can be found among children between 5 to 15 years of age (2003). In addition to the above here is another facet of the virus that informs on those who are at high risk when infected with B19: [†¦] it does interfere with red cell production in the marrow; and a recipient with a compensated haemolytic anaemia may have a very abrupt and dangerous fall in haemoglobin when exposed to this virus. An immunologically impaired recipient of the virus may be unable to eliminate the virus, and severe chronic anaemia may result (C.J. van Oss, 1995). Detection Detecting the presence of B19 virus in donated blood would not be an easy task. As described earlier the human parvovirus is one of the smallest DNA viruses ever found (Murphy Pamphilon, 1995). Peterlana et al (2006) described some of the standard assays that was used for detecting the presence of B19: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Dot Blot Hybridization – this uses cloned viral DNA and was found to be sensitive to 104 viral particles. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Nucleic Acid Amplification Technology 2.1 Polymerase Chain Reactions (PCR) – more sensitive than Dot Blot Hybridization assay because it could detect 100 fg viral DNA (gel electrophoresis and ethidium bromide staining and 10 fg viral DNA (hybridization). 2.2 nested-PCR – a thousand fold improvement in sensitivity as compared to PCR 2.3 real-time PCR – this is a fluorescence-based assay, which combines amplification and detection in a closed system and can produce quantitative results in a very short time. Real-time PCR has been reported to be more sensitive than conventional PCR. Schneider et al., (2005) do stand by the result of real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction procedure. This was carried out using a LightCycler – a Parvovirus B19 Quantification Kit from Roche Diagnostics. A similar approach was described by Koppelman and Cuypers that would soon be standard European practice, â€Å"†¦ testing with a quantitative PV-B19 NAT (nucleic acid amplification technology) assay† (2002). How to cite Parvovirus B19: A Different Kind of Pathogen, Papers

Affects of Social Media on Children, Teens and Family free essay sample

Joshua porter defines it as: â€Å"The Web is more a social creation than a technical one. I designed it for a social effectto help people work togetherand not as a technical toy. The ultimate goal of the Web is to support and improve our weblike existence in the world. We clump into families, associations, and companies. We develop trust across the miles and distrust around the corner. What we believe, endorse, agree with, and depend on is representable and, increasingly, represented on the Web†. 2] Porter, Joshua (2008). Designing for the Social Web. Berkley,  CA: New Riders. pp. 1–32. The social web is truly an online community where people come to interact with one another, grown and learn from them. Now, how the social web is sued is solely dependent on the person. The social web is just a tool we use to reach to others in our everyday life. Some may call the social web a â€Å"highschoolish† socialization platform. The social web can be very quick to turn on your, depending on how you are using it. The truth is that the social web is usually not a very healthy or good atmosphere for a family, teen or child. Again, this depends on how it is being used and where. Even on the â€Å"safe sites† people are open to things that they may not want to see or experience. You may ask what some of the safer sights may be, well, platforms like pinterest can to the eye seem totally harm less, but if a child see’s something that is not age appropriate, it has now become a place where your children should not be. Monitoring these different platforms is really where our jobs come in when we are talking about the effects on teens and children. Now a days, teens and children are easily manipulated by friends and peers and use the social web to express† there new found freedom and new found thoughts. Most of the time, platforms like Facebook, Instagram, Twitter and Myspace tend to have things on them that are not age appropriate for the teen or child. They get exposed to all of these things because of how open these platforms are and the lack of restrictions on the sites themselves. Now, don’t get me wrong, I understand that the web is an open door, for all to use, but when children are involved, the sights should be held to a certain standard of what to allow and what to not allow as far as what images are being seen and used and the context that is being written. I do appreciate that the COPPA state that a child younger than 13 should not be allowed to use any social media website. This puts the responsibility back on the parents to be more careful and do there due diligence when it comes to what their children are doing online. It is important that parents have set rules and imitations on what their children are allowed to do on social media. Evaluating the sites and setting up personal privacy computer limitations is necessary when allowing your children to be part of the social media. A good way to do this is by setting up an account where both the parent and the child have open access and can be checked periodically for whatever reason necessary. Sometimes, it may not be your child that is the one going against your the â€Å"rules† but they may be the victims of online bullying, cyber stalking and even someone trying to start an inappropriate relationship with them. Some ways parents can help with making their children safer are: you must be your children’s friend on facebook, having the computer in an open area in the house, making sure your children only socialize with people that they know, and also sit down with their children and decide how much time should be spent on their social web choice. Also, making sure the children have other extracurricular activities outside of the home can take their mind off of the â€Å"social web† and can focus on more healthy ways of socializing with people and their friends. There are many risks when it comes to the use of social media with teens and children. Sexting is one the biggest issues now a days with teens. Sexting can be defined as â€Å"sending, receiving, or forwarding sexually explicit messages, photographs, or images via cell phone, computer, or other digital devices. † Berkshire District Attorney. Sexting. Pittsfield, MA: Commonwealth of Massachusetts; 2010. Many of these messages are sent via Facebook or Myspace and are rapidly forwarded to others on the internet to see. A recent survey has shown that more than 20% of teens have sent or posted nude or partially nude pictures of themselves. This act can be very detrimental for the teen’s life. They are usually publicly humiliated and feel terribly ashamed, with guilt and no self worth. Also, once these images are on the web, they are there forever and can be hacked and used as child pornography. Quite a few different reports suggest that about eighty-three percent of American youth use their phones for email, mobile internet and texting. One of the reports states that these American teens send and receive text messages 144 times a day. If the teens are not texting, they are usually on social networking sites like Facebook and Twitter. This is where they chat, share photos and share/post videos. The social web can also be a place where teens and children learn to be more creative and can also learn to communicate in a way that is needed and real. A lot of children and teens feel like they are more easily heard over social media platforms. They feel more comfortable explaining there feelings, emotions and whatever they may be going through in their life’s. They can also use the social web by using podcast, blogs, and videos. Parents need to also be careful on how they use the social web themselves. They need to set an example for their own children so that they can see how to use the social web in a good and healthy way. Parents and adults should not spend too much time on the social web, especially in front of their children. It really is true when people say you do what you grew up seeing. There are a lot of different platforms that parents can also use to â€Å"socialize† and communicate with others. A lot of the time it can be pretty safe for parents to use to social web platforms, but there are a lot of things that they need to be careful with to protect their family and their marriage. The social web is filled with different ways to reach out to people that you may have no business reaching out to. While using social platforms can be great to communicate with old friends and long distance family, it can create an open door for old relationships and feelings to come back and arise from the dead if they are not strong, deeply rooted and committed to their marriage. Finding an old friend or fling can have that â€Å"wow† factor. What this means is that when you see them all over again it reminds you of how great they used to be and how you miss them. Again, this is not every marriage, but it is something that happens often and we need to be aware of it. Four of five U. S. divorce attorneys say they have seen a rise in divorce cases with social networking involved, according to the American Academy of Matrimonial Lawyers. The social web also can also be a platform for healthy relationships to begin. You can find old friends and flings and have a new opportunity of getting to know them again and potentially having the relationship that you wish you could have had years ago. Out of 50 couples married in the U. S. in 2011, at least one met through a social networking site, according to  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The Wedding Report. † Using the social web can connect people in amazing ways, we just have to be careful in how we use it. Like everything, too much of anything that’s seems good, can and is usually bad for you. We must use the social web with discretion. Our families need to make sure that we stay together and put boundaries on how the social media impacts us. The way we interact as a family is what sets the standards for our children and their children to come. We cannot allow the social web to come in between the much needed family time we need and must have, and also the very much needed personal time that we all need to our selves. The social media has replaced the personal interaction that families use to have, or the little interaction that was there with all of the other distractions in our lives. Some healthy ways to keep our families together are arranging some set weekly family time. Some activities could include family walks, weekly â€Å"eat out for dinner†, and exercising together. All in all, the social web can be a place where both good and bad can come from it. We can all say what type of impacts it has on each other, but what is important is how we choose to use the knowledge that we have, and begin to change how we allow the social media to control our children and the dynamics of our families. Let’s start using the old school way of communicating again, at least within our family and loved ones. There is nothing like having a face to face conversation with the person you love, it is truly the best way to communicate.

What is Content Distribution and How to Do It Well

As the amount of online content continues to grow, how can marketers improve content visibility and engagement? Producing high-quality content is critical, but its value fades away if nobody gets to see it. This is why strategic content distribution is vital to increasing the value of the content you produce. Here, we’ll explore how to optimize your distribution strategies to build your online visibility, generate more web traffic, and drive conversions. Free Actionable Bonus: Looking to elevate your content strategy? Get our complete guide to creating a content strategy, plus a free content planning template and a list of 30+ places to distribute content Content Distribution: Your Options You can publish content to as many online platforms as you like, but you won’t always reach the right people at the right time. First, you need to discover the relative value of each publishing channel. This will simplify the distribution process for your content team, increase the likelihood of engagement, and give you the highest return on your content investment. There are three main distribution categories: Owned media, which is your website, content assets, email communications, and to some extent, your social media channels. Shared media, which is mainly social media. Paid media, which includes search engine and social media advertising. Each option has its advantages and disadvantages: Owned media takes more effort to attract regular attention, but it will build your credibility and search rankings. Shared media can help your brand reach a wider audience, but it requires constant monitoring. Paid media lets you target specific audiences, but you’re restricted by your budget. If you’re in the early stages of content distribution planning, it may help to focus on owned media, as you have more control over its readership. It can also act as a hub for website traffic before you introduce other channels into the mix. Content Distribution: Understanding Your Goals Content distribution needs to have specific goals,whether it’s to build brand awareness, generate leads, increase user engagement, or something else. For example, do you want people to visit a product page, or sign up to your email newsletter? Your goals will shape your distribution strategies, so always keep these in mind before sharing anything online. It also helps to spend some time analyzing your current situation. Where does your content already exist online? How many Facebook and Twitter followers do you have? How many visitors does your blog get? How many email subscribers do you have? Knowing these details means you can prioritize channels to maximize exposure in the initial distribution phase. Developing a Content Distribution Plan You might know which channels to focus on, but at this stage, it’s important to document your distribution plan so that your team has a constant reference point. There are various things you need to consider in forming this document. Here are the main questions you should answer: What are the different personas of your target audience? Who are you likely to reach on each particular channel? Which channels most closely align with your brand voice? Which types of content resonate with your audience the most? What is the primary marketing goal of each channel? Which topics does your content need to cover? How often should you post on each channel? How much time should you spend monitoring each channel and engaging with users? Who on your team is in charge of each activity? What owned media should traffic be linked to? Content Distribution: Promotion and Analysis To maximize the impact and reach of your content, you need some solid promotional strategies to work alongside distribution. These include search engine optimization, paid search advertising, social media advertising, email marketing, influencer marketing, and content repurposing. Analyzing the results of your content marketing is also key to long-term success. In other words, you need to find out which strategies are working and which should be abandoned. Every organization is different, but you should continuously monitor your strategies and tweak them according to your own data analytics. Finding the â€Å"Sweet Spot† Content distribution is one of the most important aspects of content marketing, but many marketers fail to give it the attention it deserves. Producing high-quality content still matters, but the content marketing â€Å"sweet spot† is where quality content and carefully planned distribution combine. Unless you take content distribution seriously, you’re in danger of wasting time and money, and never really making meaningful connections with your target market. Make smart choices, and you’ll improve the performance of every piece of content you create. Want to explore your options in more detail? Here are some content distribution strategies to include in your distribution plan. 1. Share ‘Snippets’ on Social Media Your target audience is online at different times, so sharing your content multiple times increases the chances of it being seen. However, sharing the same content can be seen spam. To avoid this, create different snippets of the same content, using various images and altered headlines. Using quotations and statistics from a post will also add credibility and drive traffic. 2. Mention Your Sources When Sharing Content If you reference influencers in a blog post, remember to @mention them when you promote your content on social media. The chances are your source will see the content and re-share it. Mentioning other influencers in your industry is a great way to benefit from someone else’s social reach. It will also help you build relationships with other bloggers, giving you more clout when you pitch a guest post for their blog. 3. Pitch Your Content for Roundup Link Building Search for blogs that feature â€Å"Roundup† posts, and pitch your content to them for inclusion next time round. These blogs often produce lists of the best industry content over the last week, month, or year. To find these blogs, Google: inurl:roundup + â€Å"industry keyword† or â€Å"link roundup† + â€Å"industry keyword.† 4. Leverage Hashtags Hashtags are a great tool for targeting the right people and categorizing your social content. When used properly, you’re more likely to feature in relevant industry timelines and expose your brand to new people. This tweet from marketing automation specialists Kuno Creative shows a good balance of readability and Twitter search optimization. By only featuring two hashtags, the tweet is still easy to read. 5. Pin a Post to Your Twitter Profile This is a simple way to boost content visibility. By default, Twitter pins are always shown at the top of your profile page. In this example, marketing expert Michael Brenner has pinned a blog article to the top of his Twitter profile. Your pinned posts are likely to get more traffic than other tweets, so only pin high-quality, evergreen content. Use Twitter Analytics to monitor which pinned tweets get the most engagement. 6. Integrate Sharing Opportunities By making content sharing easier for readers, you give your content the best chance of reaching more people. To maximize shares: Use social share buttons on your website. Post your social media videos to your website. Embed Instagram photos into blog posts to capture new followers. Install social widgets such as the Facebook Like Box to build credibility. 7. Build Your Email List Email marketing may not provide instant results like social media, but it’s still one of the most effective marketing channels. Emails allow you to send content directly to people who already have a relationship with your brand. Consider offering exclusive content in the form of white papers or ebooks to build your subscriber list. 8. Use Online Communities Whatever your niche, there will be an online community willing to engage with your content. Here are some communities to target: Facebook groups LinkedIn groups Google Plus communities Subreddits Quora Inbound Take part in these groups for a few days before posting any content. Answer questions and promote other content. Then when appropriate, submit helpful resources to drive more traffic to your content. 9. Use Internal Resources Most content marketers are already sitting on a ton of valuable internal resources. Your employees, for example, already have some social media reach. Send every employee links to fresh content. It can be as simple as sending a direct tweet for them to share with their social network. Internal linking between blog posts on your site is another simple way to keep visitors on your site for longer and send traffic to older posts. 10. Repurpose Your Best Content Repurposing existing content helps you reach a wider audience across different social channels. Some people prefer video content, or will only share visual content. Transform static content into something more dynamic. Turn a blog post into an infographic, or a how-to article into a video. The options are endless. In Summary Creating original, high-quality content is excellent, but it’s distribution and promotion strategies that will take your content marketing to a whole new level. Try some of these strategies to increase your blog readership, boost website traffic, and increase social media shares. Your content is more likely to be seen by your target audience before your competitors have even noticed. Once you start effectively utilizing multiple channels, it’s worthwhile to start thinking about the importance of marketing attribution. Do you need high-quality content to support your content marketing? Constant Content connects you with thousands of professional writers able to create articles, ebooks, product descriptions, and other assets to tell your brand story, drive SEO and win sales.

Warning from Our Writers Do Not Make These Mistakes in Writing

Warning from Our Writers Do Not Make These Mistakes in Writing This article is a continuation of  Top 10 Mistakes Made During Essay Writing (Part 1) 6. Thinking a Citation Speaks for Itself When the student does find an ideal source to pepper into their essay, they should not expect the source’s content itself to support a claim. Even if it is fairly obvious to the reader why the source was used in a certain case and how it evidences the paper’s thesis statement, it should be explained and made sense of for the reader’s sake. The writer should keep mindful to always contextualize a source, explaining why it is important and how it confirms the point being made. For example, if they are arguing Edgar Allen Poe’s use of an unreliable narrator in his â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart,† the writer will probably want to illustrate how the narrator was mentally ill. In this case, they may then use this passage from the text: â€Å"If still, you think me mad, you will think so no longer when I describe the wise precautions I took for the concealment of the body. †¦ First of all, I dismembered the corpse. I cut off the head and the arms and the legs. I then took up three planks from the flooring of the chamber, and deposited all between the scantlings.† Using this passage, the student can’t expect it to speak for itself. They must explain that normal, healthy people, first of all, don’t kill people. Even more convincing, this narrator is insane but tries to convince the reader otherwise, that he of a normal mental condition. But he is most certainly not. There is no way possible he can be trusted as a narrator. Regardless of the source (or how its context is) being used, the writer must always explain its placement and inclusion and why it is important and pertinent in defending their argument. You should definitely find time to read these articles too: How to Write a Five-Paragraph Essay Essay Format Types of Essay Top Essay Writing Service Top 10 Essay Writing Mistakes 7. Not Using Linking and Transitional Words and Phrases An academic paper is deemed ineffective if it fails to communicate a message. When it comes to communication, keywords and phrases are used in an essay to indicate a change in the flow of the text; also, they are used to bridge certain thoughts and sentences and examples. Whenever the focus of an essay transitions from one evidencing point of an argument, or thought, to another, and a second, new point is being an examined, the reader needs to be informed right before as it happens. Without being so, they are prevented from successfully navigating through the story’s argument, and will not be successfully following each point being explained and examine, one by one. It is the student’s responsibility to have the reader to know exactly what they are attempting to convey and be able to follow their argument through to the end. To indicate a change in topic or point, a transitional word or phrase can be employed. Just like keywords in conversation, the purpose of these particular words is to communicate effectively and illustrate a transition in thought:  Firstly, first of all, secondly, thirdly, next, subsequently, lastly, conclusively, in conclusion, and finally. Linking words and phrases (like  on the contrary, however, as a result, in comparison, this suggests that, including, most importantly and although) bridge together certain items in a sentence or paragraph. Since the middle, body paragraphs in most academic essays are meant to defend a point, or an overall theme of the paper, to generally expand on each point, one at a time, linking words and phrases are generally used in a single paragraph to connect sentences and thoughts that validate a single point that is being examined in an essay. These types of words and phrases are generally used for when a writer needs to expand on just ONE point evidencing their thesis. When a writer fails to communicate these specific types of changes, explanations, transitions, they risk missing the opportunity to convey something important to their reader, and the objective of their assignment will be compromised, resulting in a bad grade. 8. Writing With Too Much Ego †¦ and Not to Simply Communicate a Thought Writing effectively at the college level is not about sounding smart on paper, writing intellectually – using big words, esoteric words, and phrases and references. It’s about using everyday language to make the case for something, and not using the BIG word, the small word, but the  RIGHT WORD. It is essential to produce an essay that is written in simple language and that conveys an intricate thought or span of thoughts. Think succinct, direct language like Hemingway, not flowery, literary prose with Fitzgerald. Whenever the writer scribbles with conviction, thereby choosing to discuss a passionate subject at length, they will, almost innately, make a good case for something. 9. Not Including a Title A good title, which the reader will come across first before reading an essay, is a must-have element to any writing assignment. Not only does a title help the reader to avoid a low grade on the assignment –  because it really is a requirement to most if not all writing assignments  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ a title is another way of enticing the reader to consider something, a sort of appetizer to the entrà ©e. Also, since the reader first glances at the title before they read the essay itself entirely, it serves the very important function of letting the reader know what is to follow. Again, the better a reader has kept abreast of the argument being made, the more likely they are to be convinced of that argument. 10. Not Rereading the Essay for Flow and to Find Mistakes Long before a student even considers handing in their writing assignment for evaluation, they should reread their completed essay several times. They are looking to make sure that it is void of proofreading and grammar mistakes, and that a solid case has been made to defend their thesis, for whatever subject. It also is beneficial, before turning a written assignment into one’s professor, to have a friend or writing tutor, or even one’s professor, first reading and verbally evaluating the assignment. The pre-submission checklist can be found here

EXPLAIN WHY THE CHIEFDOMS OF THE PRE-COLOMBIAN CARRIBEAN ARE MORE Essay

EXPLAIN WHY THE CHIEFDOMS OF THE PRE-COLOMBIAN CARRIBEAN ARE MORE CLOSELY RELATED TO THOSE IN NORTHERN SOUTH AMERICA THAN TEH CHIEFDOMS AND STATES IN MESOAMERICA - Essay Example The chiefdoms of the Pre-Colombian Caribbean were closely related to those of the Northern South America. They were different from the Mesoamerican state because of the societal classification that existed. Before the arrival of the European communities, Costa Rica was inhabited by diverse groups of people who had diverse cultures. It was principally divided into the intermediate are (isthmo-Colombian area) and the Mesoamerican area. The isthmo-Colombian area included the Caribbean and the South America. On the other hand, the Mesoamerican area extended from Chiapas and the Yucatan Peninsula to the Nicoya Peninsula (Diehls 17). The intermediate area was made up of different societies that were ruled by different chiefdoms. However, these communities would form alliances, vassalages and community ties despite lacking a sole authority. This enhanced the exchange of culture and rules of community organization these different societies. On the other hand, the Mesoamerican area was governed by a sole chiefdom (Adams 12). There was no specific interaction between the Intermediate and the Mesoamerican area. Pre-Colombian society also shared key characteristics with the northern South America society. Unlike Mesoamerica, the society was organized based on hereditary chiefdoms. The boundaries of the chiefdoms in pre-Colombia and Northern South America were demarcated by prominent geographical features or rivers. Most of the settlements were demarcated by forests. The eldest son was accorded the inheritance of chieftainship. This tradition was embraced by all of the non Mesoamerican chiefdoms (Adams 34). Another similarity of Pre-Colombian society with northern South American chiefdoms was in the housing structure. Grandchildren, children and parents lived under the same roof. This implied that clan houses harbored as many as 100 inhabitants (Bruhns 83).

Amelie Rorty on The Historicity of Psychological Attitudes Assignment

Amelie Rorty on The Historicity of Psychological Attitudes - Assignment Example Dynamically permeable love is precarious because once it changes the character of a person; their affair may terminate prematurely (Grau, Para. 22). According to Rorty, dynamically permeable love is distinct from constant rigid love in a number of different ways. Constant rigid love is a kind of love that is consistent and does not change due to circumstances two parties. Amidst difficult times, constant rigid love has the potential to prevail and stand the test of time. Although the character of friends may change due many factors such as growing wealthy or one becoming successful, their friendship will always remain unchanged. Even though the attributes that brought the two friends together initially changes, the love for the two parties remains unshaken. Other contributors of the topic such as Nozick and Kraut also came up with similar description for this kind of love. However, Rorty contends that this particular kind of love does not can grow to higher levels and flourish unlike dynamically permeable that has a high potential. Dynamically permeable love seems to enjoy the support of some groups because it considers changes as a means of guaranteeing consistency whereas constant love fails to do so. It accommodates changes in a partner’s traits for the sake of securing the friendship unlike constant love that is very rigid and protects the status quo (Grau, Para 23). In some instances, Rorty comes out supporting constancy of love as the best kind of love which creates confusion about her actual position on these two kinds of love. However, she fails to point out precisely on what entails constant love. Two definitions of constant love by Kraut leave her confused about the composition of constant love. The first views entail constant love, and the undying love that two friends may have despite character changes. The second one describes it as a love that does not undergo via dynamism given that the

Organizational Structure And Specialisation

Organizational Structure And Specialisation In organizational structure we arrange people into groups and different departments. Organizational structure provides the pathway for the system of coverage that drives a business, dividing it into areas or departments that are responsible for certain aspects of the organizations purpose. An organization divides jobs among employees to achieve their goals more efficiently. There are different key factors which will help us to create an organization structure .we will discuss them below Work specialization: When an individual perform certain job several time on daily bases, that individual get habitual to that specific task and become experienced by doing that task again and again, this is called as work specialization. Advantages: Through work specialization level of efficiency increases in employees. Disadvantages: Employees can become bore by doing same task again and again. Lack of interest might increase by doing same task again and again. Departmentalization: Departmentalization is the combination of four departments operating department, marketing department, HRM department and finance department. This is the process of performing different tasks, advertising products, managing resources (hiring employees, machinery etc) for different tasks and providing budgets for performing different of different departments. Functional departmentalization Product departmentalization Geographic departmentalization Process departmentalization Customer departmentalization Functional departmentalization: In functional departmentalization peoples are grouped together according to the work they specialize. Groups of people then perform similar tasks and uses similar materials. Groups are then further divided into sub departments. Advantages: Efficiency of employees increases by doing same work again and again. Hiring/firing and training of employees gets easier. Each department will be responsible for their tasks. Disadvantages: In this structure communication, coordination is poor and accountability becomes difficult in this structure. http://static.flatworldknowledge.com/sites/all/files/imagecache/book/27984/fwk-collins-fig06_008.jpg (htt) (Figure showing functional departmentalization) Product departmentalization: In product departmentalization work is grouped on the basis of manufactured goods they produce. Example Nestle corporation uses product departmentalization technique for their wide range of products. Nestle produces different products like Nestle food, Nestle Beverages, Nestle Baby care products etc is controlled by executives who have full responsibility for their products. http://www.emeraldinsight.com/content_images/fig/3300080301004.png (htt1) (Figure showing product departmentalization) Geographic departmentalization: In this type of structure departmentalization occurs on the basis of region, area. Example Standard Chartered Bank has their branches almost in every city of Pakistan. Like head department of Standard Chartered Bank is in Karachi and their branches are spread over all other cities of Pakistan. Advantages: Services can be easily available for employees. Employees satisfaction increases by providing them services in every city. Service of one department in one city can be different from another department in another city. This might create some problems. Duplication of resources by having lots of managers and staff. Lack of communication with head office is the disadvantages. Process departmentalization: In process departmentalization department are organize to perform particular job. The members of staff are grouped together to concentrate on specific job. In process departmentalization specialization increases because worker has to focus on single task. Example: Making Passport, ID Card etc. Chain of command: A chain of command set up the line of authority within the organization. It helps employee that to whom they will be responsible. Its starting with the board of directors and extended down through the various level in hierarchy to the point where basic function of the organization carried out. Centralization: Centralization is a procedure where top managers take decision; in centralization authority and power remain with high-class managers. Lower level employee are not considerable that much important. Decentralization: Decentralization is the reciprocal of centralization. Here planning and decision-making are distributed among employees. Decentralization has several benefits compare to centralization Employees get motivated by involving them in decision making Decision making get faster. coordination improve through organization Matrix structure: Matrix structure is combination of several different designs want to combine their benefits and avoid there drawbacks. Employees have to responsible for two bases. Organizational Culture: Definition: A specific system of running, controlling which represents and distinguishes an organization from another organization OR Physical image of an organization that is values, understanding, attitude, norms of an organization Characteristics of organization culture: Organizational culture plays major role in the development of an organization. Its gives distinct value to organization, it smoothen path for innovation and risk taking, it provides stability to organization. Some more characteristics of organization structure are explained below. Dominant value: As the name indicates dominant values are specific qualities of a person or an organization. Major values of an organization or person are called as dominant value. Rules: Complete framework of an organization for new coming employees and to the existing employees. All employees must obey all the rules and regulations of an organization. Example, what time to come, when to leave, what to do and what not do etc. Organization climate: Is physical layout of an organization that is how the building of an organization, is it well decorated, how are employees of organization, their dress their attitude toward clients etc? Example: Standard Charted Bank. When we go there we will notice that building would be nicely decorated, all the employees will have proper uniform etc which is the physical representation of Standard Chartered Bank Philosophy: As we know for an organization costumers are king because without costumer organization cannot run. Philosophy is the main characteristic of an organization culture because here we emphasis on how to treat customers and how to behave costumers. Team orientation: Team orientation is another salient characteristic of organizational culture. Individuals or groups of individuals are grouped together to perform different activities of an organization. Innovation and risk taking: Working on new thing is called as innovation, no doubt innovation is quite risky but it can be very helpful for an organization. https://static.flatworldknowledge.com/sites/all/files/imagecache/book/30774/fwk-carpenter-fig08_005.jpg (htt2) Example viewing organization culture: Mobilink GSM: culture of Mobilink GSM is to totally satisfy customer and shareholders wants, their dominant values include business brilliance, confidence honesty value for public, corporate social responsibility. Sub Culture: Sub culture is basically a culture with in a culture, like every organization has its specific culture then in organization every department has its own culture that is style of operating controlling of marketing department is different than finance department and similarly culture of HR department is different that marketing department. Developing Organizational Culture: While developing a culture there are some factors which affect organizational culture at a great, of which some are explained below. Economic conditions: Economic conditions has great affect on organization culture because if the time for an organization is prosperous so definitely organizations will be looking for innovations, new ideas etc but on the other hand if time is not prosperous, there are inflations for an organizations so no doubt organization will face a lot of problems. Formation: Formation or structure means how are tasks ordered. In flexible structured organization employees are motivated by giving them rewards etc. Employees are given good working condition. On the other hand if the structure of organization is stressful so definitely employees will be demotivated this will decrease their interest level of work. Leadership style: Leader must implement such rule and regulations which are both convenient for employees to follow as well as profitable for organization. It is up to the leader how he controls an organization. Changing Culture: Changing organizational culture is huge tough task according to expert it takes 8 years for an organization to change their culture as a whole, but mostly organizations alter their negative culture. Change in culture can be made by changing mission and vision of an organization etc. Some factors which are playing great role in changing organization culture are described below. Mission and Vision: In order to change organizational culture changes must be made in the mission and vision statement of organization. As mission and vision is communication purpose to stakeholders, mission and vision for an organization should be wisely selected. Alteration from top to down: While changing organizational culture it is important that whatever changes are made by an organization it should be followed by top level managers as well lower level managers and employees because it is obvious if top managers are implementing new rule and they them self not following rule changing of culture might not be possible. Physical sign of culture: New culture must be physically visible that is style of working, dress of employees and attitude toward stakeholders etc must match the changed culture. Leadership: Leader provides motion for cultural alteration. It is the leader who will guide about new alteration of culture plus leader is one who will implement new culture. Importance of culture: Culture affects over all activities of an organization. It is the culture which represents organizations that how they perform their different tasks. Culture plays lively role in the motivation of employees and culture of an organization is the communication purpose to other stakeholders like customers, competitors etc. Some of the salient points of culture are explained below. Motivation: Culture of an organization helps in the motivation of employees because if the culture of an organization is flexible employees will be encouraged they will be interested in organization, similarly if the culture of an organization is not fulfilling employees demand definitely it will have bad impact on success of an organization. Image of an organization: It is culture which gives an organization a distinctive image. Culture represents an organization that is how is does an organization perform their activities how are there attitude toward customers, employees and other stakeholders. Communication: As discussed above culture plays great role in communication to customers and other stakeholders. Working style, building style and their attitudes attracts customers. Flexibility: Culture provides flexibility in an organization by giving value to customers and having friendly working condition for employees and managers etc. Kinds of culture: There are different types of culture, which are expressed below. Power culture Role culture Task culture Person culture Task for P2: Relationship between organization structure and culture: Organizational structure is the mechanism by which efforts and works are coordinated with supervision to produce the results that are hoped from organizational culture. One of the most important features in relationship between organizational structure and culture is that it gives clear picture to the employees about their limitations and responsibilities and so not to concern about the issues that are beyond their scope of expectation this will help employees to work more efficiently. An effective coalition between organization structure and culture gets people closer to achieve organizational end goals more efficiently. Affect of structure on organization: Structure has a great affect on the performance of organization. If the structure of an organization is flexible the employees of that organization will be motivated and they will perform their task willingly. Structure of an organization helps in maintaining communication and stresses on coordination. Mainly there are two kinds of structures which are given below. Tall structure. An organization which have tall structure will have lower span of control that is there will be lots of hierarchy of manager is high. Advantage: low level of span of control, motivation of employees, good coordination. Disadvantage: expensive because so many managers required for an organization, distraction of accountability, single task is passed from so many individuals in organization, slow decision. Narrow structure: According to specialists single individual can handle well 8 individuals. In narrow structure of an organization there is high span of control, that hierarchy of managers is lower as compared to tall structure. Advantages: less expensive because low number managers, decision making is fast, good communication among employees. Disadvantage: high span of control that is pressure on manager is a lot. Example: We visited Mobilink GSM Peshawar, we had an interview with Customer Care Department. According to them structure of Mobilink GSM is decentralized due to which employees are satisfied from organization structure because they are involve in decision making this really motivates customers and this leads to innovations as well. Affects of culture on organization: Culture has a great affect on organization. If the culture of an organization is good corporate culture employees will be motivated and they will work efficiently and it is also the communication purpose to other stakeholders like customers, shareholders, and government etc. Some salient characteristics of organizational culture are given below. Organizational culture is the physical image of an organization. Helps in making good image of an organization. It is the communication purpose to stakeholders. Example: Mobilink GSM has great friendly environment. When we visited Mobilink GSM we feel our selves like we are home we were asked about what to take and what to eat, this really attracted us and felt us happy. Employees are motivated by various methods specially by awarding them and Mobilink GSM provides their employees with necessities of life like they have air condition system in whole organization in summer while in winter they have heater system and they provide employees coffee breaks etc which increase the level of interests of employees. Task for P3: Individual behavior at work: According to psychologist understanding human psyche is very tough job as we know behavior of one person will be different from another. Behavior of individual varies according to conditions around. Interpersonal behaviors are changed from individual behaviors, that is when a person is alone his/her personality changes as compared to when an individual is with other individuals. On the other hand group behavior is different from interpersonal or individual behavior. Example person named Ahmed sets with his colleagues, Ahmads attitude, style and other things which are concerned with his personality will be changes as compared to when Ahmad is alone. Personality: Personality is the general model of an individuals beliefs, feelings, and behaviors which represents style of individuals involving to the surroundings. Personality of a person involves persons height, weight, attitude, fashion, thinking etc. factors which affect personality are given below. Heredity: It involves attitudes, feelings, thinking and behavior etc that you learn from your parents, siblings etc. It is not 100% sure that your personality will resemble to your parents and siblings it may vary. Environment: Your personality changes according to environment you living. If an individual owns good personality that having good attitude, good expression etc definitely that individuals behavior at work would be appreciative. Perception: Is a method in which individual get in-coming information from their surroundings and then arrange and build out these to understand in a particular manner. Each in-coming information or happening going on nearby of individual is perceived in a particular style by every individual. Therefore perception is a center for the communication of a person with its surroundings both at job or other place. Perceptual selectivity: Human minds are attacked by different information all the time. What basically perceptual selectivity means is that selecting of information by our mind to understand, it is not under the control of human being. Further components of perceptual selectivity are. Context 2. Nature of stimuli 3. Internal factors 4. Fear and trauma Attitude: It is basically the response of an individual to all the actions happening in surrounding to it. Attitude is very important because it is attitude which represents you that is how you perform different task and how you deal things happening around you. Ability: Ability of an individual is inborn quality it changes which passage of time like when an individual perform some task again and again a time may come that person will perform activity efficiently. Ability of an individual in organization is required to obtain certain goals and objectives. Task for M1: Culture and structure of selected organization: The organization which I have selected is Mobilink GSM, Pakistan. About Mobilink: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/7/7a/Mobilink.jpg Mobilink GSM started its business as the primary GSM cellular cell phone services inside Pakistan through MOTOROLA Inc in 1994, afterward Mobilink GSM was purchased by Orascom Telecom Holding (OTH) which is the first multi-national company of Egypt. Mobilink GSM, a subordinate of the Orascom Telecom Holding, is Pakistans primary cellular and Blackberry service supplier. Having more than 31.5 million subscribers, Mobilink holds market leadership through progressive integrated expertise, the strongest trademark and the largest range of value added services in the business. (Wikipedia , 2011) Mobilink Mission Statement: The business is devoted to give its stakeholders highest level of satisfaction through admirable services and show that we as a corporation meeting our commercial as well as moral objectives, in ways that a regular sensible communal expectations of accountable cellular corporations. (Mobilink GSM, 2011) Culture of Mobilink GSM: Complete purchaser approval: According to Mobilink GSM clients are key to their achievements. Mobilink GSM says that costumers has expectation from us and they are doing to the best of their ability to provide them quality, services more that what they have expected. We will surely work according to needs of our clients. Business brilliance: Mobilink GSM struggle to provide the best quality to our clients. Furthermore Mobilink seek to the uppermost standards and search to identify costumer needs every day. This leads Mobilink GSM to market leading company and gives satisfaction to the stakeholders. Confidence honesty: Mobilink GSM gets arrogance in working the top moral principles in an open and frank environment, and by devoting their promises. Value for public: Mobilink GSM runs its business by its relation with peoples. Mobilink GSM gives its importance to its employees and other stakeholders and Mobilink GSM believe in cooperation. Value for employees: Mobilink provide good, flexible and friendly working environment for their employees. Mobilink GSM treats their employees and managers very well and gives them good amount of salary along with security. Corporate Social Responsibility: Mobilink GSM believes that costumers and businesses are in relationship with each other. They are interdependent to each other. Being good corporate business Mobilink not only focuses on earning profit from society but they also spend in the prosperity of societies. (Mobilink GSM, 2011) Mobilink GSMs organizational Structure: We visited Mobilink GSM, we conducted an interview with their Customer Care department and also with HR department. According to Customer Care department and HR department organizational structure of Mobilink GSM is Decentralized. This means that Mobilink GSM involves their lower level managers and employees in decision making. Advantages of this structure: Due to this structure employees are motivated they consider organization as their family they then work efficiently. This structure leads to new innovations because employees of Mobilink GSM told us in interview that employees can give their suggestions and feedback whenever they want, and feedbacks of employees are given great attention. When their suggestions are liked by the top managers, employees are given different rewards even some employees were given Dubai return tickets. (Figure showing Organizational structure of Mobilink GSM) (Source: Interview) Strategic decision making: Strategic decisions of Mobilink GSM are made by Chief Executives (Presidents) in Islamabad. Other decisions are made by directors of each department involving their lower level managers and employees as well. Task for D1: Recommendations: When skills of employees increases salary should be increased as well. In order to keep employees motivated and efficient they should be given training repeatedly. Giving awards on good performance to employees should be maintained this will develop competition among employees. Keeping in mind conditions of Khyber Pukhtoonkhwa employees should be provided good security. Each department should have emergency alarm and fire distinguisher which would be use in case of emergency. They should provide pick and drop system this will attract employees from competitors. Customer Care Department should be improved because too much customers are dissatisfied from their work. Customers are not satisfied from the mistakes of billing department. As compared to competitors prices are high and customer is dissatisfied with the quality as well. Outcome 2nd Task for P4: Organizational or managerial theories: Before we discuss organizational theories it is important first to know what management is. Management: The art of taking work from employees or people effectively and efficiently. Effectiveness means doing exact work as told. Efficiency doing work with less possible input and more possible output. History: The word manage comes from Italian word (maneggiare) and (maneggiare) itself is derived from Latin word (Manus) which means hand. Later on, in 17th and 18th centuries, French word (Mesnagement) influenced in meaning of the English word (Management).. Ranks of management: There are three ranks of management, high-level managers, middle-level managers and lower-level managers. Each rank has its own authorities in organization, which is discussed below. High-level managers: This includes board of directors, presidents, vice presidents and chief executives. They generally make top decisions. They are accountable for the outside image of organization. Middle-level managers: This normally includes general managers, department managers etc. They are accountable to high-level managers. They basically acts like interpreters, they describe information of high-level managers to lower-level managers. Lower-level managers: They are managers who have direct contact with employees, lower-level managers gives job to employees and takes work from them. In short its lower-level managers who run organization on daily bases. Development of management thought: how does management start that which steps an organization should carry in order to manage organization Different organizational theories are of which some are discussed below. Scientific Management: To convert your short skilled labor into efficient employees. This will happen by giving your employees good training that is how to perform different task and by increasing their wages this will increase their interest in work. Explanation: scientific management is also known as Taylorism. It was developed by Frederick Winslow Taylor, he said that organization cannot be managed by hazy ideas it should be managed by organized rules. Principles of Scientific Management: >> Employees should be train for more improvement and they should be motivated by giving awards etc to employees. >> Recruitment should be completely base on merit (scientifically). >> Boss should not be so strict so that employees become stressful nor should the boss be so friendly that employees do not perform their tasks effectively. >> When sales increases, wages should be increased as well. This will encourage employees a lot. >> There should be possible minimum work pressure on employees so that they can perform their tasks well. Human Relations Approach: This approach emphasize on, that human should not be considered as machines, they should be given proper relation and breaks when working Explanation: This approach was first introduced by George Elton Mayo. He was the first person who talked about human relationships approach. He said that human beings become bored when do something for long time without proper breaks, they should be given breaks, they should be provided food, water etc while working in organization. Salient features of Human Relationships Approach: >> Employees should be motivated positively not by force. >> Employees should not be considered as rational, they should be given breaks while working in organization. >> This approach stresses on team work, because by team there is low level of work pressure on employees plus when more than one individuals are grouped together to solve specific problem they will do it more effectively as compared to an individual who is alone. Classical Administration: Henri Fayol introduced classical administration. Henri Fayol was suburb of Turkey who was born in 1841 and was French mining engineer. He gave 14 principles of management. Which are discussed below. Division of work: To train employees in order to make them more efficient. Authority: Managers should have the ability take work from employees. That he/she should be able to make employees to obey their orders. Discipline: There should be proper rules and regulations in organization and all employees must obey them. Example: wearing proper uniform, coming on time and leaving on time etc. Unity of command: Employees should be accountable to one boss because the number of boss in organization is more than one this will cause confusion for employees. Unity of direction: in order to avoid distraction employees must go on one plan that is one direction. Subordination of person interests to the common interest: Interests of organization must be given top priority. Remuneration: There should be extra packages for employees in organization. Employees should be given good wage. Centralization: It means making of decisions by managers. Hierarchy: They are the managers to whom employees are accountable. Order: To place right person the task that is every person should be given task according to the work they specializes. Equity managers should not be cruel or bad with employees they should be friendly with employees. Stability of staff: There should not be surplus of employees not shortage of employees in organization. Initiatives: Organization should focus on innovation, they should take risk in making new things. Esprit De Corps: To work as team because it will ease task for every employees. (Wikipedia, 2011) Function of management: Managing almost in every organization helps in achieving organizational goals and objectives, it brings employees closer that is stresses on team work. Management plays great role on motivating employees. There are different functions of management which are planning, organizing, leading, coordinating and controlling. Planning: For achieving organization goals and objectives planning is done. That how will an organization achieve their goals and objectives. Planning further includes mission, goals, objectives, tactics, budgeting and procedure. Mission: It is the very reason of existence of an organization. Goals: Are the long term intentions, what an organization wants to become in future. Objectives: Are short term intentions of an organization. Tactics: Are methodologies used to achieve objectives (short term targets). Strategies: Are game plans which are used to achieve long term targets of an organization (goals). Budgeting: Amount of capital (money) required for achieving specific goal is called as budgeting. Procedure: Is the specific way of doing some activity. OR Rules and regulations to do some work. Organizing: Collecting the best resources to achieve different goals and objectives of an organization, which is having good machinery, skilled employees and managers etc. Leading: guiding employees how to perform tasks in organization, how to behave clients etc. Coordinating: Providing team work environment, which is helping each other in organization in order to be successful. Controlling: to monitor how are tasks going on and is it going according to the plan or not. Motivation: Without motivating employees taking work from them is so difficult. Employ